Nouns and Articles Handout/ELT
Degrees of countability of nouns
a) fully mass (i.e. uncountable, indivisible), occasionally we can use a/an – names of processes (drinking, eating = deverbative nouns), names of sciences (phonetics, music, logic, mathematics – many sciences only in plural form but singular verb!), some collectives (furniture), abstract qualities (happiness), games (darts, billiards).
b) fully mass, occasionally a/an + possible plural form – when we use the plural marker, it expresses a large quantity or several kinds or brands - natural phenomena (rain, hail, fog), money, literature, food (butter, cheese… most of words about food) – we can use NO numeratives, only “some, little, much” - for individualisation we need other noun phrases!
c) fully mass and fully count (počitatelné) – shift in meaning – painting as an activity or result of activity
d) partially countable, never mass – countable in sense where it expresses quantity, the whole number of people (the young, the living – always and only definite article), collective nouns (hromadná), goods, morals, surroundings etc. › we call all these pluralia tantum
e) fully countable, never mass, but no number contrast (we cannot distinguish between plu. and sg.) – sheep, deer, aircraft › –s marker is absent x gallows, barracks, crossroads › no singular form, but it is possible to say one gallows
SPECIAL CASES OF ARTICLE USE
a) Talking about jobs – I am an engineer. – always indefinite article!
b) There is/there are phrase – always indefinite article!
c) Days, months – no article!
d) Coordinates – always The North, the south
e) Star system – never indefinite article, sometimes definite – the sun, the moon, constellations
f) The physical world – many toponyms require definite articles!!
1) two- or more word names – The Czech Republic, The USA
2) oceans – The Pacific Ocean, The Atlantic Ocean
3) seas – The Red Sea, The Dead Sea
4) rivers – The Nile, The Mississippi
5) mountain ranges – The Alps, the Ands
6) deserts – The Sahara Desert
individualisation – write the things that can be divided by these phrases:
1) a piece of
2) an item of
3) a bar of
4) a blob of
5) a fit/strike of
6) a lump of
7) a drop of
(hint - cake, jam, chocolate, news, revenue, giddiness, sugar, blood, luggage, furniture, ice-cream, hay-fever, information, ore, acid, gossip, knowledge, steel, evidence)
special individualisation:
a herd of cattle, a flock of goose, a swarm of bees, a head of cattle, batch of horses, a hive of hornets,
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